The life lost (A frictional fantasy on Avni saga)

Date :- 18.03.2022

The blowing sound of chill wind... The moon looks unnaturally crescent looks like a pale bashful widow...the love lost..hapless . Shameless shadows are passing by... Scarlett,the renowned hunter distressed by his fellas on a dark Night...  The dense disdained jungle,deeper ever than before,denser perhaps the wild attire of nature mourning down here   He feels lonely..lonelier than before... Oh! My beloved one...for the last laugh I want ur warmth    The shadowy faces of dangers are passing by..   Here raises the sound..the roar..larger louder than before  Like a voice of lost emptiness  ...here scarlett once an ominous hunter now he is quite senile..  Faces a Tiger..    Flabbergasted...dumbfounded for a while.. No the tiger is not attacking him neither showing aggression.   Suddenly it came near Scarlett...whispers on ear  ' let's see'..we have no family.. Then we were there..and then... ' The tiger was stopped stumbled Little. 

            Mr. Arthobalanus - Darwin's favourite animal;  At a glance 

                                     Koustav Bhattacharjee

                                        DATE:- 11.03.22

In January 1835, three years into the voyage, the Beagle anchored off the coast of Chile, and Darwin—who’d been seasick much of the trip—scrambled ashore to walk the beach. He found a lush green canopy covering silky sand, with snow-peaked mountains visible in the distance. Wild potatoes grew near the shore, and otters splashed in the water, hunting crabs.

On the beach Darwin found a strange shell. It was coconut-sized and had a baffling feature: hundreds of millimetre-sized holes, as if somebody had blasted it with tiny buckshot. He’d never seen anything like it.

That night, back on the Beagle, Darwin studied the holes under his microscope. Using a needle, he pried something unexpected from inside them—minute barnacles, roughly a tenth of an inch long. They were cream-coloured and doubled over on themselves like hairpins.

Unlike other barnacles, these lacked shells. And while most barnacles secrete a cement like glue and lock themselves on to anything convenient—ships, docks, the bellies of whales—these barnacles were living as parasites inside another creature’s shell. No scientist had ever recorded anything like it, and despite all the other wonders Darwin saw on the rest of the voyage, his mind kept circling back to that odd species of barnacle. He nicknamed it Mr. Arthrobalanus, which means “jointed barnacle.” On his return to England in 1836, he was eager to study Mr. Arthrobalanus more thoroughly.

To describe Mr. Arthrobalanus, Darwin needed to know what differentiated its species from other species of barnacles. So he began writing letters to museums, requesting barnacle specimens. Unfortunately, it soon became clear that all existing work on barnacles was sloppy and third rate. There were gaps, obvious mistakes, redundancies. With a sigh, Darwin realised he would have to reclassify everything himself. He started writing more letters, requesting more specimens.

All known barnacles then were actually hermaphrodites, with both male and female sex organs. In calling the specimen “mister,” Darwin had been joking around. But in truth, the joke was on him. It turned out that Mr. Arthrobalanus’s species was not hermaphroditic. In fact, Mr. Arthrobalanus wasn’t even a mister—she was Ms. Arthrobalanus, a female.

Illustration by Clay Cansler; Thomas Johnson/Science History Institute, George Sowerby/Biodiversity Heritage Library

 Zospium thollusum - The tale of Unique Snail from the deepest cave of the World 

 DATE :- 08.03.2022                              Koustav Bhattacharjee

Zospeum tholussum or the Domed Land Snail, is a cave-dwelling species of air-breathing land snails in the family Ellobiidae. It is a very small species, with a shell height of less than 2 mm (0.08 in) and a shell width of around 1 mm (0.04 in). Z. tholussum individuals are completely blind and possess translucent shells with five to six whorls. The second whorl of their shells has a characteristic dome-like shape. They are also extremely slow-moving and may depend on passive transportation through running water or larger animals for dispersal.

Zospeum tholussum was discovered at depths of 743 to 1,392 m (2,438 to 4,567 ft) in the Lukina jama–Trojama cave system in Croatia in 2012, during a caving expedition. It was formally described as a new species in 2013 by the taxonomist Dr. Alexander M. Weigand.

On 22 May 2014 International Institute for Species Exploration declared the snail as one of the "Top 10 New Species of 2014" among species discovered in 2013. The reason for its selection is its habitat in complete darkness of a cave some 900 meters below the surface. It lacks eyes and its shell is transparent giving it a ghost-like appearance. 

Like all members of the genus Zospeum, Zospeum tholussum are completely blind. Because of this and their lack of pigmentation, they are considered to be true cave-dwelling organisms (eutroglobionts). Very little is known about their biology, but members of the genus Zospeum are known to prefer muddy to permanently wet subterranean microhabitats. They are generally found along the drainage systems of caves.

 Zospeum tholussum are currently only known from the Lukina jama–Trojama cave system of Croatia. Its distribution range is within the larger distribution range of the morphologically similar Zospeum amoenum (which is found in caves in the Western Balkans in northern Slovenia, western Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro). Since Zospeum species with large inferred distribution ranges are known to actually also contain morphologically similar and unrecognised cryptic species, Weigand postulated that some early records of Zospeum amoenum may have actually been specimens of Zospeum tholussum.

                      

A TALE OF GLASS TADPOLES

 PRINCE RUPERT'S DROPS - IN A NUTSHELL 

                                                         KOUSTAV BHATTACHARJEE                                                                           

 DATE :- 03.03.2022

Prince Rupert's drops first gained widespread fame in 1660, when Prince Rupert of the Rhine (of Germany) brought a few of the curiosities to King Charles II of England. (The teardrops, which are made by pouring molten glass into cold water, had likely been known to glassblowers centuries earlier.) Charles then handed them over to the Royal Society, which published its first scholarly investigation of their properties in 1661.

        Strong head

In the new study, Chandrasekar relied on a slightly different technique called integrated photoelectricity , to reveal the mysteries of the glass tadpoles' heads. The technique calls for placing the object in a pool of water and then passing polarized light waves, or light that is oriented in a single plane, through the material. Internal stresses inside the material change the polarization of the light. Looking at the polarization of the outgoing light waves through special filters reveals the internal stresses inside the object — in this case, the head of the drop and the tail. 

These stresses formed because the type of glass used in these teardrops — which expands dramatically with heat — also shrinks dramatically when exposed to cold water. During the process to make these drops, the molten glass is dipped in cold water. When the glass hits the water, the outside cools faster than the inside. The outside layer of the glass then forms a kind of "jacket" that squishes the inside. Because the inside is still cooling, and because the total forces acting in the object have to equal zero, the head forms tensile stresses on its interior, the researchers reported in their paper, which was published online in Applied Physics Letters. 

The reason the compressive stress on the outside of the drops prevents fracturing is somewhat intuitive; the compression is squishing the atoms of the glass closer together – so they have no place to go. Fractures also don't move as easily through materials under compression. By contrast, most materials tend to break more easily when they are being pulled apart in tension.

However, even these shatter-resistant confections will eventually crack under pressure; for instance, if the heads of the drops are put inside a vise with enough pressure, they too will eventually turn to powder, though not quite as spectacularly as in the tail-snapping process, Chandrasekar said.

( SOURCE:- live science)

The sales' World

  Date :- 20.09.21 

Sales - Human

A very famous quote that defines human being with most appropriately according to this " we are human by evolution, poetry by nature " . To be honest our life is nothing short of fascinating and illustrating like poetry with it's facets of events that brings the new horizons every time . 

By far the human being are most diversified by all aspects from one another that's why every single person is unique by their own specialty. Sometimes it brings the feeling of our ' pride of simian ancestry ' sometimes drags behind the dire darkness . But one thing is most common to all of us that we are all ' Sales - human '. 

Every one sales , who doesn't ? Literally everyone . Sales are different of Sell when ' act of doing'  is important . But we the human being is more a sales human than sells human . Actually we are the culmination of both to some extent. Okay whatever it may be it starts from your birth, when a new born child cries then it is their only certain emotion in any kind of response then , that baby is also selling the expressions and helping the elderly persons to realize what actually the need is .

One thing is there that first we have to buy something from the market and our environment, our world is the biggest market where all the time this buying and selling goes on every day every moments. So when we acquire something or learn from the requirements then we are buying the best quality of things with the expense of pennies and it is the perfect process of doing the particular work. Now we could sell them off but it should be a limit of control.

Just like in our endocrine system our life also required some negative feedback mechanism to put full stop on some habits of unnecessary buying and selling otherwise it will be misuse. And our hypothalamus ( the nucleus of our ideas required not only vast but also fruitful resource ). 

So it is evident that an experienced person has more items to sell, but how you gain the experience it is not only upon your age but also learning from various aspects. 

Your mother and father are probably the best sales personnel's of the world, they are selling responsibility, dediment ( dedication + commitment ), love, care and all other virtuous things. Every person is selling their energy and 3Ds,' ( Discipline + Dedication + Determination ) along with efficiency on their work . They may sell errors also unconsciously but it is also the pillar of clarification. 

Friends are selling the power of friendship persons in professions and even in half professions are also trying to sell their best things to get reward . Not only reward , punishment also sometimes make raise your quality of products for enrichment of selling quality. 

So every class of society sells something all the time , is it always good to sell ?

No , first you have to buy the best quality of product then you can sell to it's highest quality standards of excellence . 

There is no room of complacency , life is not rosy picture or bed of roses rather bed of thorns but what we need is to make a thorny affair. It can be pricked in your bare foot so try to wear leather shoes so it can't evade the thick layer of it . Actually this thorn of concern when pricks in your conscience and utter consciousness then the Earth will be our oyster not before that and it is the perfect time to sell your own made products of reward with the culmination of hard and smart work in the biggest mega Mart or Earth's largest shopping mall or market that is your surroundings .

( The KB )

 

FEAR FROM DREAM

 DATE :-  17.09.21                                           

                                            ONEIROPHOBIA - IN A NUTSHELL

Oneirophobia (from Greek όνειρο (oneiro), meaning "dream", and φόβος (phobos), meaning "fear") is the fear of dreams. It is discussed in The Dream Frontier, a book by Mark Blencher, a neuro-psychoanalyst at the William Alanson White Institute.

The fear involves suffering due to experiences with frightening dreams (nightmares and/or night terrors) or by negative events in the life affecting those dreams. Some sufferers try to avoid sleep or falling asleep altogether. Those with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), for instance, often re-experience their trauma in nightmares, so frequently that they attempt to avoid these painful symptoms through alcohol or other drugs. Sleep itself is feared for its capacity to bring on the repressed trauma.

However, not all oneirophobia is strictly a function of post-traumatic stress disorder, as most dream content, and thus the fear of its manifestation, is related to the daily functions of the unconscious. 

In traditional Freudian thought, the dreamer channels their thoughts, feelings, desires and fears through dreams, but in a disguised and non rational way. When these dreams are recalled and experienced as disturbing events- especially if they are of frequent recurrence- the dreamer may begin to develop anxiety over the expression of their unconscious. Many sufferers may also be frightened by the unusual or surreal nature of dreams.

The symptoms of Oneirophobia are very similar to other specific phobias and will often include:

• Avoiding going to sleep
• Panic attacks
• Inability to Relax
• Problems Concentrating
• Being quick tempered
• Feelings of dizziness
• Prickly sensations like pins and needles
• Palpitations
• Migraines and Headaches

Alternative Therapy Options for Oneirophobia

Although our preferred form of mental health counselling for the fear of dreaming is Tranceformental CBT we also offer alternative psychotherapies for those who might prefer a different approach.

These include:

• Psychodynamic therapy which focuses more on emotional problems and relies on the Therapeutic Relationship to bring about change.
• General Counselling which is less structured but still provides a safe and non-judgmental environment to discuss issues which is therapeutic in its own right.
• Hypnotherapy is an alternative form of therapy that can be applied to a very wide range of problems and is available with Joan.

REFERENCES :- 

1. Dr. Mark J. Blechner (July 2014). "The Dream Frontier". Mark Blencher.com. Chapter Outline. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
2. Owczarski, W. (2017). The ritual of dream interpretation in the Auschwitz concentration camp. Dreaming, 27(4), 278-289.
3. Jane, Shaili. "What Dreams May Come: Treating the Nightmares of PTSD". Psychology Today. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
4. Furnham, Adrian (2015-02-13). "The Psychology of Dreaming". Retrieved 2017-11-01.

STORY OF A NOVEL DNA

 MASSIVE DNA 'BORG'

 DATE:- 20.07.21

Scientists analyzing samples from muddy sites in the western United States have found novel DNA structures that seem to scavenge and ‘assimilate’ genes from microorganisms in their environment, much like the fictional Star Trek ‘Borg’ aliens who assimilate the knowledge and technology of other species.

These extra-long DNA strands, which the scientists named in honor of the aliens, join a diverse collection of genetic structures — circular plasmids, for example — known as extrachromosomal elements (ECEs). Most microbes have one or two chromosomes that encode their primary genetic blueprint. But they can host, and often share between them, many distinct ECEs. These carry non-essential but useful genes, such as those for antibiotic resistance.

Borgs are a previously unknown, unique and “absolutely fascinating” type of ECE, says Jill Banfield, a geo microbiologist at the University of California, Berkeley.

Unlike anything seen before

Borgs are DNA structures “not like any that’s been seen before”, says Brett Baker, a microbiologist at the University of Texas at Austin. Other scientists agree that the find is exciting, but have questioned whether Borgs really are unique, noting similarities between them and other large ECEs.

Their vast size, ranging between more than 600,000 and about 1 million DNA base pairs in length, is one feature that distinguishes Borgs from many other ECEs. In fact, Borgs are so huge that they are up to one-third of the length of the main chromosome in their host microbes, Banfield says.

Banfield studies how microbes influence the carbon cycle — including the production and degradation of methane, a potent greenhouse gas — and, in October 2019, she and her colleagues went hunting for ECEs containing genes involved in the carbon cycle in Californian wetlands. There, they found the first Borgs and later identified 19 different types from this and similar sites in Colorado and California.

Borgs seem to be associated with archaea, which are single-celled microorganisms distinct from bacteria. Specifically, those Banfield and her team have discovered are linked to the Methanoperedens variety, which digest and destroy methane. 

Costs and benefits

Assuming Borgs are real, maintaining such a massive ECE would be costly for Methanoperedens, Banfield and colleagues say, so the DNA structures must provide some benefit. To learn what that might be, the researchers analyzed the sequences of hundreds of Borg genes and compared them with known genes.

Borgs seem to house many genes needed for entire metabolic processes, including digesting methane, says Banfield. She describes these collections as “a toolbox” that might super-charge the abilities of Methanoperedens.

                      'Borg' image under Scanning Electron Microscopy

                         River Colorado from where DNA Borg has been found

Reference :-

Al-Shayeb, B. et al. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.10.451761 (2021).